Impetigo

Impetigo occurs in children of various ages and is a highly contagious disease. It is characterized by the formation of blisters with serous or seropurulent contents. When the blisters rupture, erosions form. The purulent contents dry and form yellowish crusts that fall off within 3-4 days. There is no scarring or atrophy. The predominant localization of the disease is the skin of the face (around the nose and mouth).

Streptococcal angular cheilitis

Streptococcal angular cheilitis is characterized by the presence of blisters that quickly rupture, forming shallow, linear fissures and erosions, with macerated epidermis at the periphery. It is localized at the corners of the mouth.

Acute Bacterial Paronychia

Acute bacterial paronychia presents as a blister on an inflamed base, localized around the nail plate.

Jacquet erosive diaper dermatitis

Jacquet erosive diaper dermatitis occurs in infants and is localized to the buttocks, dorsal and medial surfaces of the thighs, groin, and scrotum. It is characterized by the presence of dense, bluish-red papules surrounded by an inflammatory halo. Blisters form on the surface of the papules, which rapidly rupture to form erosions and crusts.

Perianal streptococcal dermatitis

Perianal streptococcal dermatitis is localized on adjacent surfaces of large folds: groin, armpits, neck, buttocks, and behind the ears. It is characterized by the presence of vesicles that rupture rapidly to form weeping erosions with sharp scalloped edges. This form of streptococcal infection is often seen in children with obesity, diabetes, and increased sweating.

Erysipelas

Erysipelas is an acute inflammation of the skin caused by Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), as well as Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and pneumococci. It is more common in children under 3 years of age and in the elderly. The predominant localization of the disease in adults is the shins, upper extremities, trunk (in the area of surgical wounds), face (complications of rhinitis and conjunctivitis), while in children it affects the cheeks, periocular area, head, neck and extremities. Inflammation is characterized by erythema with raised, well-defined, irregularly shaped borders of varying size. The inflamed area is swollen, shiny, warm to the touch and painful to palpation. Blisters, subcutaneous abscesses and necrosis may sometimes form on the surface of the lesion.

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is characterized by the acute onset of shock and multisystem organ failure. It is caused by Group A Streptococcus pyogenes, specifically types 3, 12, and 28 of strain M1, which produce streptococcal exotoxins A and B (SPE-A, SPE-B). The disease can occur in healthy individuals, often at sites of skin trauma that serve as entry points for infection. Risk factors for developing the disease include diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. Patients rapidly develop hypotensive shock with renal failure. Soft tissue infection occurs in 80% of patients and in most cases (70% of patients) follows the pattern of severe subcutaneous infection (necrotizing fasciitis, myositis). Vesicles and bullae on the surface of the inflammatory focus appear later and are an unfavorable prognostic sign in 5-7% of patients. Patients without soft tissue infection may have focal sites of infection such as osteomyelitis, myositis, pneumonia, peritonitis, and myocarditis. Early signs of STSS may include conjunctival and oropharyngeal erythema and strawberry tongue. Other cutaneous signs include petechial, maculopapular, and diffuse scarlet-like rashes. Rashes may occur either at the onset of the disease or 1-2 weeks after recovery (in 20-30% of patients), coincident with desquamation. Mortality may be as high as 30%.

The diagnosis is made based on the clinical manifestations of the disease.

Laboratory investigations may include:

• Bacteriological culture of purulent discharge with sensitivity to antibiotics.
• Blood glucose level.
• Complete blood count.

Differential Diagnosis of Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)

• Syphilitic Pemphigus
• Congenital Bullous Epidermolysis
• Erythema Multiforme
• Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
• Kawasaki Disease
• Scarlet Fever

Differential Diagnosis of impetigo

• Herpes simplex
• Bullous erythema multiforme
• Drug eruption
• Pemphigus foliaceus
• Tinea barbae
• Psoriasis
• Eczema
• Seborrheic dermatitis
• Scabies
• Contact dermatitis
• Insect bites
• Drug eruption conditions

Differential Diagnosis of acute bacterial paronychia

• Syphilitic chancre-paronychia
• Paronychia caused by candida
• Felon finger
• Herpetic whitlow
• Dyshidrotic eczema
• Mucous cyst

Differential Diagnosis of streptococcal angular cheilitis:

• Herpes simplex
• Other types of cheilitis ( contact, fungal, granulomatous, actinic)
• Secondary syphilis

Differential Diagnosis of Perianal streptococcal dermatitis

• Seborrheic dermatitis
• Psoriasis
• Acrodermatitis enteropathica
• Candidiasis
• Granuloma gluteale infantum
• Histiocytosis X.

General notes on therapy

• For superficial forms of bacterial infection, it is recommended to use topical antiseptics, aniline dyes, and topical antibiotics.
• Systemic antibiotics are prescribed for extensive, deep, chronic, recurrent bacterial infections, in the absence of improvement with topical therapy, in the presence of systemic symptoms (fever, malaise), and regional complications (lymphadenitis, lymphangitis), or when deep bacterial infections are located on the face.
• Systemic glucocorticoids are prescribed when the pathological process is highly active, in cases of chronic ulcerative and vegetative, and gangrenous pyodermas.
• Systemic retinoids are prescribed for keloid acne, perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens.
• Immunobiological agents are prescribed for recurrent, persistently progressive forms of bacterial infections.
• The management of patients with bacterial infections includes proper skin care both in the affected area and outside of it. For disseminated processes, frequent water procedures and hair removal by shaving are not recommended. It is advisable to trim the hair in the infected area.
• In the case of prolonged infectious and inflammatory processes, as well as in the case of multiple eruptions, attention should be paid to the diet: it should be balanced, rich in vitamins, with a sharp reduction in salt and carbohydrates, and complete avoidance of alcohol.

Indications for hospitalization

• Diseases associated with the action of toxin-producing Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
• Widespread eruptions accompanied by a disturbance in the general condition.

Requirements for treatment outcomes

• Resolution of pathological skin elements.
• Epithelialization and scarring of ulcers.
• Reduction in the frequency of disease recurrence in cases of chronic bacterial infection.

Prevention

• Primary prevention of bacterial infection consists of timely antiseptic treatment of microtraumas, fissures and wounds. Treatment of identified systemic diseases that may lead to purulent lesions of the skin (diabetes mellitus, gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, etc.) should also be performed.

Topical therapy

Antiseptic preparations for external use:

• Brilliant green solution, 1% alcohol solution applied to the rash area 2-3 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Fukorcin, alcohol solution applied to the rash area 2-3 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Methylene blue, 1% aqueous solution applied to the rash area 2-3 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Potassium permanganate, 0.01-0.1% aqueous solution applied to the rash area 2-3 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Hydrogen peroxide solution, 1-3% applied to the rash area 2-3 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Chlorhexidine, 0.5% alcohol solution, 0.05-1% aqueous solution applied to the rash area 2-3 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Povidone-iodine solution, 10% applied to the rash area 2-3 times a day for 7-14 days.

Topical antibiotics:

• Neomycin sulfate + zinc bacitracin applied to the rash area 2-3 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Gentamicin sulfate, 0.1% ointment or cream (d) applied to the rash area 3-4 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Fusidic acid, 2% cream or ointment applied to the rash area 3-4 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Mupirocin, 2% ointment applied to the rash area 2-3 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Erythromycin, ointment (10,000 IU/g) applied to the rash area 2-3 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Lincomycin hydrochloride, 2% ointment applied to the rash area 2-3 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Silver sulfadiazine, 1% cream applied to the rash area 1-2 times a day for 7-10 days for 7-14 days. (Low evidence)

Topical glucocorticoids combined with antibacterial preparations:

Prescribed in cases of acute inflammatory processes accompanied by erythema, swelling, itching, and more often in the presence of itchy dermatoses complicated by secondary bacterial infection:

• Tetracycline hydrochloride + triamcinolone acetonide, aerosol applied to the rash area 2-4 times a day for 5-10 days, or
• Hydrocortisone acetate + oxytetracycline hydrochloride, ointment, aerosol applied to the rash area 1-3 times a day for 5-10 days, or
• Fusidic acid + betamethasone, cream applied to the rash area 2-3 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Fusidic acid + hydrocortisone, cream applied to the rash area 3 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Betamethasone valerate + gentamicin sulfate, cream, ointment (B) applied to the rash area 1-2 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Betamethasone dipropionate + gentamicin sulfate, cream, ointment (B) applied to the rash area 2 times a day for 7-14 days.

Systemic therapy

Penicillin group antibiotics:

• Benzylpenicillin sodium salt: for children - 25,000-50,000 IU per kg of body weight per day intramuscularly, for adults - 2,000,000-12,000,000 IU per day intramuscularly. The drug is administered every 4-6 hours for 7-10 days, or
• Amoxicillin trihydrate: for children under 2 years of age - 20 mg per kg of body weight per day orally, for children aged 2 to 5 years - 125 mg 3 times a day orally, for children aged 5 to 10 years - 250 mg 3 times a day orally, for children older than 10 years and adults - 500 mg 3 times a day orally. The course of treatment is 7-10 days, or
• Amoxicillin: for children under 3 years of age - 30 mg per kg of body weight per day in 2-3 doses orally, for children aged 3 to 10 years - 375 mg twice a day orally, for children older than 10 years and adults - 500-750 mg twice a day orally. The course of treatment is 7-10 days, or
• Amoxicillin trihydrate + clavulanic acid: for children aged 3 months to 1 year - 2.5 ml of suspension 3 times a day orally, for children aged 1 to 7 years - 5 ml of suspension 3 times a day orally, for children aged 7 to 14 years - 10 ml of suspension or 5 ml of suspension forte 3 times a day orally, for children older than 14 years and adults - 1 tablet (250 + 125 mg) 3 times a day or 1 tablet (500 + 125 mg) 2 times a day orally. The course of treatment is 7-10 days.

Cephalosporin group antibiotics:

• Cephalexin: for children with a body weight of less than 40 kg - 25-50 mg per kg of body weight per day orally, for adults and children older than 10 years - 250-500 mg orally 4 times a day. The course of treatment is 7-14 days, or
• Cefazolin: for children - 20-40 mg per kg of body weight per day intramuscularly or intravenously, for adults - 1 g per day intramuscularly or intravenously. Frequency is 2-4 times a day. The course of treatment is 7-10 days, or
• Cefaclor: for children under 6 years of age - 30 mg per kg of body weight per day orally in 3 doses, for children aged 6 to 10 years - 250 mg orally 3 times a day, for children older than 10 years and adults - 500 mg orally 3 times a day. The course of treatment is 7-10 days, or
• Cefuroxime: for children - 125-250 mg orally 2 times a day, for adults - 250-500 mg orally 2 times a day. When administered parenterally: for children under 3 months of age - 30 mg per kg of body weight (daily dose) 2-3 times a day, for children older than 3 months - 60 mg per kg of body weight (daily dose) 3-4 times a day, for adults - 750 mg-1.5 g 3 times a day. The course of treatment is 7-10 days, or
• Cefotaxime: for children weighing less than 50 kg - 50-100 mg per kg of body weight per day intravenously or intramuscularly with an injection interval of 6-8 hours, for children weighing more than 50 kg and adults - 2.0-6.0 g per day intravenously or intramuscularly with an injection interval of 8-12 hours. The course of treatment is 5-10 days, or
• Ceftriaxone: for children under 12 years of age - 50-75 mg per kg of body weight once a day intramuscularly, for children older than 12 years and adults - 1.0-2.0 g once a day intramuscularly. The course of treatment is 7-10 days.

Macrolide group antibiotics:

• Erythromycin: for children under 3 months of age - 20-40 mg per kg of body weight per day, for children aged 3 months to 18 years - 30-50 mg per kg of body weight per day, for adults - 1.0-4.0 g orally per day in 4 doses. The course of treatment is 5-14 days, or
• Azithromycin: for children - 10 mg per kg of body weight once a day orally for 3 days, for adults - 500 mg orally once a day for 3 days, or
• Clarithromycin: for children - 7.5 mg per kg of body weight per day orally, for adults - 500-1000 mg orally per day. The dosing frequency is 2 times a day. The course of treatment is 7-10 days.

Tetracycline group antibiotics:

• Doxycycline: for children over 12 years of age and/or with a body weight of less than 50 kg - 4 mg per kg of body weight once a day on the first day, 2 mg per kg of body weight once a day on subsequent days; for children over 12 years of age and/or with a body weight of more than 50 kg and adults - 100 mg orally twice a day for 10-14 days.

Fluoroquinolone group antibiotics:

• Ciprofloxacin: 250-500 mg orally twice a day for 5-15 days, or
• Levofloxacin: 250-500 mg orally 1-2 times a day for 7-14 days, or
• Ofloxacin: 200-400 mg orally twice a day for 7-10 days.

Antibiotics of the lincosamide group:

• Clindamycin: for children - 3-6 mg per kg of body weight orally 4 times a day, for adults - 150-450 mg orally 4 times a day; when administered parenterally, for children - 15-40 mg per kg of body weight per day, for adults - 600 mg-2.7 g per day, administered 3-4 times a day. The course of treatment is 10 days.

Sulfonamide antibiotics:

• Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim: for children aged 3 to 5 years - 240 mg orally twice a day; for children aged 6 to 12 years - 480 mg orally twice a day; for adults and children older than 12 years - 960 mg orally twice a day. The course of treatment is from 5 to 14 days.

Systemic glucocorticoid preparations:

• Prednisolone 25-30 mg per day intramuscularly for 5-7 days with a gradual dose reduction to discontinuation, or
• Dexamethasone phosphate 4 mg (1 ml) 4-6 mg per day intramuscularly for 5-7 days with a gradual dose reduction to discontinuation, or
• Betamethasone sodium phosphate + betamethasone dipropionate 1-2 ml intramuscularly once, if necessary, repeat the injection after 10 days.

Systemic retinoids:

• Isotretinoin 0.5-1.0 mg per kg of body weight per day orally for 3-4 months.